A labor dispute in Saudi Arabia arises when an employer or employee submits a formal complaint to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD) or the Labor Courts regarding violations of employment rights. Common grounds include non-payment of wages, EOSB underpayment, wrongful termination, leave denial and immigration document issues. Saudi labor law provides a structured resolution process beginning with MHRSD mediation before escalating to the Labor Courts. Employers who maintain compliant HR documentation — contracts, Qiwa records, payslips and disciplinary files — are significantly better positioned in dispute proceedings.